Author links open overlay panelJames Landon 1 2, Xin Gao 1, Ayokunle Omosebi 1,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coche.2019.06.006Get rights and content••Material and surface properties impact on the efficiency of capacitive deionization.••Charge and thermodynamic energy evaluation of capacitive separations.••Routes for higher efficiency separation processes through intercalation.••Membrane and surface functionalization to achieve selective salt removal.Capacitive deionization (CDI), an emerging desalination technology, has received considerable attention in recent years due to porous carbon development, new cell designs, and unique operational modes providing high. As fresh water sources become further constrained, new and innovative methods are needed for water treatment operations. Suspended solids, organics, microorganisms, and dissolved solids are among the compounds requiring separation.For seawater desalination, distillation processes such as multi-stage flash distillation and multiple-effect distillation have traditionally been used. In recent decades, membrane-based processes such as reverse osmosis (RO) have been able to provide similar water quality to distillation at a fraction of the energy cost. This benefit combined with capital cost reductions over time has led to increased use of RO for total dissolved solids (TDS) removal.The energy efficiency values discussed here are generally used to analyze the ability of a process to deionize the bulk of a feed water stream, namely the ability of NaCl to be removed from the influent. Capacitive deionization has made tremendous gains in recent years for these separations through the advent of new carbon materials, cell designs,. Papers of particular interest, published within the period of review, have been highlighted as:••• of outstanding interest.
